There are many different structures in the ball of the foot, so there will be many different causes of pain in that area. This means that it is going to be difficult to generalize as to what causes pain in or on the ball of the foot. There could be problems with the skin sch as a corn or callus or a chilblain. There could be a pinched nerve (Morton’s neuroma). The could be one of several different types of arthritis. There could be a problem with the bone such as a stress fracture. The could be a condition called plantar plate dysfunction that affects one or more of the joints in the forefoot. Or there could be a problem with the fat pad. Each of these conditions has a different cause and a different set of symptoms. A careful history and assessment is needed to arrive at the right diagnosis. Only then can the right treatment be given.
Platelet-rich plasma or PRP is blood plasma that has been enriched with the addition of more platelets. It contains a number of different growth factors that naturally stimulate the healing of bone and soft tissue injuries. They are being more widely used to treat soft tissue injuries in the foot and lower limb, especially in athletes. The use of platelet rich plasma in plantar fasciitis has been shown to be effective in a number of clinical trials. The only controversy that probably exists about its use, is that if plantar fasciitis is treated properly in the first place, why would you need to resort to these types of treatments?
I really have no idea! Some people love them and some people hate them. Toning shoes are shoes that are made unstable so they make the muscles work harder to allegedly give you an extra workout when using them. They also alter the alignment of the posture they do help some people with postural and back problems, but they can also hurt some people with postural and back problems. It is really difficult to give guidance as no one really knows how to pick those in advance who will benefit from these types of shoes. All I can suggest is give them a go and see what happens. You need to start wearing them in small amounts to start with and build up their use slowly over a period of time. Using these shoes them too much too soon may result in problems.
The only warning is that there has been some legal action against the companies that make theses shoes mainly because if the lack of evidence to support their use. This does not mean that there is anything wrong with them, it just means that the evidence does not support the claims that they made.
Kids that continually walk around on their toes are of concern to their parent. Often it is benign and they do it as they just want to be taller. As long as they can get their heels down to the ground and other developmental milestone have been met, then it is not generally going to be a problem. However, if there are some developmental milestone problems or some behavioral problems, then a thorough investigation is needed. Sometimes a condition like cerebral palsy or autism may be the problem that is causing the toe walking, so a thorough investigation is needed to check for these types of problems.
